ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Kalimat Aktif dan Kalimat Pasif

Kata kerja transitif mempunyai dua voice (ragam gramatikal), aktif dan pasif.

1) Bentuk aktif adalah orang, binatang, atau benda yang ditunjukkan oleh subjek dikatakan

melakukan sesuatu pada yang lain.

Contoh: Karim killed a tiger. Karim membunuh seekor harimau

2) Bentuk pasif adalah orang, binatang atau benda dikatakan menderita sesuatu dari sesuatu yang lain.

Contoh: A tiger was killed by Karim. Seekor harimau dibunuh oleh Karim

Bentuk pasif :

To Be + Past Participle

Aturan-aturan :

a) Kata kerja transitif tidak digunakan dalam bentuk pasif, kecuali kalau kata kerja itu menggunakan cognate object dalam bentuk aktif.

Aktif : She sang a fine song. Ia menyanyikan sebuah nyanyian yang merdu

Pasif : A fine song was sung by her. Sebuah nyanyian yang merdu dinyanyikan olehnya

b) Bilamana kalimat diubah dari bentuk aktif ke pasif, objek untuk kata kerja aktif menjadi subjek untuk kalimat kerja pasif.

objek untuk kata kerja aktif :

Aktif: Linda can make tarts. Linda dapat membuat kue tart

Subjek untuk kata kerja pasif :

Pasif: Tarts can be made by Linda

c) Retained object (objek yang tetap dipakai/dipertahankan dalam pasif)

Dua buah objek dalam kalimat aktif, ketika diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, masih tetap ada sebuah objek dipertahankan, objek ini dinamakan retained object. Objek ini mungkin objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif atau objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif.

Objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize A prize was given him by us

Objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize He was given a prize by us

Berikut contoh-contoh kalimat aktif yang dirubah menjadi kalimat pasif dalam bentuk tenses :

1) Simple present

Aktif

John bites Mary

John doesn’t bite Mary

Does John bite Mary?

What does John do?

Who bites Mary?

Who does John bite?



Pasif

Mary is bitten by John

Mary isn’t bitten by John

Is Mary bitten by John?

What is done by John?

Who is Mary bitten by?

Who is bitten by John?

2) Simple continuous

Aktif

John is biting Mary

John isn’t biting Mary

Is John biting Mary?

What is John doing?

Who is biting Mary?

Who is John biting?



Pasif

Mary is being bitten by John

Mary isn’t being bitten by John

Is Mary being bitten by John?

What is being done by John?

Who is Mary being bitten by?

Who is being bitten by John?

3) Present perfect

Aktif

John has bitten Mary

John hasn’t bitten Mary

Has John bitten Mary?

What has John done?

Who has bitten Mary?

Who has John bitten?



Pasif

Mary has been bitten by John

Mary hasn’t been bitten by John

Has Mary been bitten by John?

What has been done by John?

Who has Mary been bitten by?

Who has been bitten by John?

4) Present perfect continuous

Aktif

John has been biting Mary

John hasn’t been biting Mary

Has John been biting Mary?

What has John been doing?

Who has been biting Mary?

Who has John been biting?



Pasif

Mary has been being bitten by John

Mary hasn’t been being bitten by John

Has Mary been being bitten by John?

What has been being done by John?

Who has Mary been being bitten by?

Who has been being bitten by John?

5) Simple past

Aktif

John bit Mary

John didn’t bite Mary

Did John bite Mary?

What did John do?

Who bit Mary?

Who did John bite?


Pasif

Mary was bitten by John

Mary wasn’t bitten by John

Was Mary bitten by John?

What was done by John?

Who was Mary bitten by?

Who was bitten by John?

6) Past continuous

Aktif

John was biting Mary

John wasn’t biting Mary

Was John biting Mary?

What was John doing?

Who was biting Mary?

Who was John biting?



Pasif

Mary was being bitten by John

Mary wasn’t being bitten by John

Was Mary being bitten by John?

What was being done by John?

Who was Mary being bitten by?

Who was being bitten by John?

7) Past perfect

Aktif

John had bitten Mary

John hadn’t bitten Mary

Had John bitten Mary?

What had John done?

Who had bitten Mary?

Who had John bitten?



Pasif

Mary had been bitten by John

Mary hadn’t been bitten by John

Had Mary been bitten by John?

What had been done by John?

Who had Mary been bitten by?

Who had been bitten by John?

8) Past perfect continuous

Aktif

John had been biting Mary

John hadn’t been biting Mary

Had John been biting Mary?

What had John been doing?

Who had been biting Mary?

Who had John been biting?



Pasif

Mary had been being bitten by John

Mary hadn’t been being bitten by John

Had Mary been being bitten by John?

What had been being done by John?

Who had Mary been being bitten by?

Who had been being bitten by John?

9) Future

Aktif

John will bite Mary

John won’t bite Mary

Will John bite Mary?

What will John do?

Who will bite Mary?

Who will John bite?



Pasif

Mary will be bitten by John

Mary won’t be bitten by John

Will Mary be bitten by John?

What will be done by John?

Who will Mary be bitten by?

Who will be bitten by John?

10) Future continuous

Aktif

John will be biting Mary

John won’t be biting Mary

Will John be biting Mary?

What will John be doing?

Who will be biting Mary?

Who will John be biting?



Pasif

Mary will be being bitten by John

Mary won’t be being bitten by John

Will Mary be being bitten by John?

What will be being done by John?

Who will Mary be being bitten by?

Who will be being bitten by John?

11) Future perfect

Aktif

John will have bitten Mary

John won’t have bitten Mary

Will John have bitten Mary?

What will John have done?

Who will have bitten Mary?

Who will John have bitten?



Pasif

Mary will have been bitten by John

Mary won’t have been bitten by John

Will Mary have been bitten by John?

What will have been done by John?

Who will Mary have been bitten by?

Who will have been bitten by John?

12) Future perfect continuous

Aktif

John will have been biting Mary

John won’t have been biting Mary

Will John have been biting Mary?

What will John have been doing?

Who will have been biting Mary?

Who will John have been biting?



Pasif

Mary will have been being bitten by John

Mary won’t have been being bitten by John

Will Mary have been being bitten by John?

What will have been being done by John?

Who will Mary have been being bitten by?

Who will have been being bitten by John?

Kata-kata kerja transitif kadang-kadang mempunyai arti pasif walaupun bentuk kalimatnya adalah aktif :

a) Dengan komplemen

Sugar tastes sweet (pasif: sugar is sweet when it is tasted). Gula manis rasanya (gula manis bila

dirasakan)

b) Tanpa komplemen

The books is printing (pasif: the book is being printed). Buku itu sedang dicetak

The cows are milking (pasif: the cows are being milked). Sapi-sapi itu sedang diperah